Filipino Woman in the Biography by Lucy Komisar Essay Example for Free

Filipino Woman in the Biography by Lucy Komisar proveLiterature is any form of expressing humans simple to complex experiences that blend, combined and applied into haggling, well-chosen and arranged. It is full of thoughts, feelings, dreams, sorrows, aspirations and grief of human expressions in either harmonious way of expressions. It is a choice, choice of expressing allthing without the hesitation from any hindrances. It is just like entering into a voyage, not to find best fortune nevertheless to have pleasure and satisfaction. It bay window be comp bed to choice of writing. Humans be writing not because of compliance simply because they want to express something for the sake of self- satisfaction. They be not reading because they want to learn a lot but because to feel enjoy doforcet spell reading. It is not like going abroad for good but because of the experience. Through literature, people confide on to, talk to, rely on and can be the source of every emotion that they have to feel, feelings that distinguishes the aim of their individualality that evokes their admirations.It is believed that the mixer and sexual conditions of wo workforce essentially embody their nature that the way of brio they argon treated in society is congruent with what they really be. Thus, womens social environment, can be generally described as subordinate to men, sexually colonized in the system of dominance, submission and denied right ons and the basis of sex, historically chattel, basically sh areed biologically inferior confined to sex and reproduction. For most assort of society and across conviction and space, man dominates the upper level of policy-making, frugalal and social power while women are rarely or only partially included. The worth of men is generally more valued than that of women and is usually more compensated. Men are typically more valued in themselves as person, a fact often expressed in social customs, rights and rights. In fact, in almost every culture, the tools and conditions demand for synopsis, the means of communications and the forms of legitimating of knowledge have been jealously and effectively kept from women.Today, Filipino women are no longer confined to the manual task of mob chores but their full potentials, talents and innovativeness are explored and utilized. The power of women is such a huge and limitless tool of intellectual resource, a very vital factor pot a nations growth and development. Empowering the women at home, in the community, in work, in every aspect of society would mean empowering the some other half of every aspects of nations human resource. At present, the Filipino women are already loss leaders in their own rights. They occupy high positions in the society. As they are free, they are as well as able to participate in social, economic and governmental activities. They command the respect of men rights denied to them with the introduction of the Spanish c ulture in the country.After, well four hundred years after the Spaniards conquest of the Philippines, the Filipino fair sex has come full circle. She is now able to cooperate more effectively with men with the realization of common aspirationsa better world to live in, governed by the principles of justice and good go forth. Many writers have been supporters of Cory. They have produced books and a journal containing Corys life and Lucy Komisar is wizard of them. Lucy Komisar is a free-lance journalist, whose words and analysis of foreign affairs have appeared in the wide variety of publications, including the New York Times, the Washington Past, the Christian perception Monitor, the San Francisco Chronicle, the Miami Herald, News day and the Toronto Star, among many others. She is the authors of both books Down and Out in the USA a history of Public Welfare and the New Feminism and has lectured at universities through out the country.She a member of the executive board of PEN , American Center, a past National Vice President of the National Organization for Women (NOW). She describe from the Philippines during the election campaign and peaceful revolution only in 1986 and returned recently to write the biography of Cory Aquino. The book Corazon Aquino the Story of Revolution, is the first biography analyze of Corazon Aquino by Lucy Komisar. The book traces her life from the childhood in the wealthy family in the Philippines, her marriage to Benigno and her life in exile, a dramatic revolution that install her as President. It also describes the evolution of her life as political leader as she began putting a government together and taking on political and economic problems that face her country.A timely and evocative book, Corazon Aquino is moving portrait of a woman who demonstrates a crude kind of heroism. Indeed, there is no doubt that Komisar is one of the writers and journalists who believes in the proper rights of women exercised in the society . The researchers believed that the writer, though an American journalist and writer has a big concern in the status of women in the society. Thus, the thorough analysis of Lucy Komisars biography Corazon Aquino the Story of Revolution vividly reflect the personalities of the former president Corazon Aquino and the womens rights that rarely Filipino women exercised.Theoretical FrameworkThe arena is anchored on the general view of womens right as well as humans right. accord to Legazpi (1998), the 1987 Constitution declares that the state shall value the dignity of every person and guarantee full respect for human rights. Enshrined therein, as a state policy is the recognition of the role of women in nation building and of import equality before the law of men and women. Within this framework, guaranteed respect of their personal dignity and human rights and equal treatment in all aspects of life is presented.The inherent Acknowledgment of Women rights are reiterated in numerous statutory enactments and relating to such subjects as civil relations, family rights and labor conditions. Various internal instruments to which the Philippines are the signatory signify and strengthen the states commitments towards upholding these rights. With particular focus on the character of Corazon Aquino as a Filipino woman, the researchers gave much attention on how the former president exercised her rights on every character and how she gained recognition from these characters. Meanwhile, through the application of formalistic approach of literary analysis, the writers point of view in his set abouts such as styles, purpose and theme were studied.Statement of the ProblemThe study discusses the dis tinker case of Corazon Aquino as a Filipino Woman in the biography by Lucy Komisar.Specifically, this study answers the chase questions1. What are the circumstances that project the character of the First Female President?2. How does Corazon Aquino show the character as a Fi lipino Woman in the following personalities2.1Wife and Mother,2.2 Widow,2.3 leader?3. How do the author reveal the character of Corazon Aquino in relation to3.1Style,3.2Purpose,3.3Theme?4. What implications of the essays are portrayed to uphold womens right?Scope and LimitationsThe study focuses on the Character of Corazon Aquino as a Filipino Woman in the biography by Lucy Komisar. In the study, the researchers gathered the events that project the character of the First Female President. It also analyzes how the belated president shows her character as a leader, wife, and widow that makes her a strong and powerful president. The style, purpose and theme are also analyzed The study is significantly devoted to the evaluation, analysis and interpretation of the biography written by Lucy Komisar, Corazon Aquino the Story of Revolution.Significance of the StudyThe study on the Character of Corazon Aquino as a Filipino Woman in the biography written by Lucy Komisar, Corazon Aquino the Story of Revolution is important in providing greater understanding and insights about the social issues in the society. Nevertheless, for those who specialize in English, the study could serve well as a literary drill so that they may engage into critical analysis and interpretation and in the process that understand their value and significance. With the dynamism of education, the teaching approaches, instructional materials, references should conform to the changing clock of our societal history. In this regard, the study can be use as a reference and instructional materials or tool in teaching the life of Corazon Aquino.For the teachers of literature, the study can help them generate insights on how students will be directed and/ or guided in dealing with and analyzing literary works. Likewise, the study may also enlighten the Filipino women especially of the contemporary times with regards to their rights and their roles as undivideds, and as members of the society. For fu ture researchers, the study may help them bring about the techniques, treatment and approaches in analyzing literary works. The study may also be used as a reference in sociology. It may help the readers understand the nature of the Filipino woman and her complexities. Most of all, the study may serve as a significant indication on the life of Corazon Aquino and the Filipino woman that can set a great pattern for the rights of women.Definition of scatheFor the purpose of top off and consistency of terms used in the study, the following terms are hereby defined Character combination of qualities that distinguishes as individual person. In the research, it refers to the personality of Corazon Aquino as a wife, widow and leader. Civil Law refers to the body of customs or practices applicable to specific group of community. It is the kind of law that the Corazon government exercise during her term. Concepts it is the general idea toward a thing of universal specially, an abstract o ne. These are the ideas about the character of Corazon Aquino as Filipino Woman. Criticism it is an salubrious appreciation of any work of art. It is the process of studying the literary piece in the present study. Descriptive Research type of research that requires a exact analysis of various aspects and phenomena and their interrelationship. It is the kind of research that researchers used in the present study.Historical Research the systematic collection and evaluation of data to describe formulate and thereby understand actions or event that occurred in the past. It is the basis of the researchers to present study, to collect data and references about the life of Cory Aquino. Liberalism a doctrine of constitutional declaration that presents liberty and freedom leaned on the consumption that liberty is natural right and that all over are born free. It is the vision of Corazon Aquino to the Filipino women during her presidency. Maidens of Antiquity they are women who are p erceived to play the traditional child hearing and house keeping. It is the kind of Filipino women that Corazon Aquino wants for a change. Silent Dictatorship this relates to the characteristics of unobtrusive women over the sept, personally take care of everything and have the power over all action and decision of a household. It is the relationship of husband and wife.The wife took all the responsibility and household chores while the husband holds the power. Social Liberation refers to the ideology that women are capable of fuller and more positive involvement in the growth of the society in which they are obscure of advocates, the woman should be viewed as valuable human resources of every fact of natural and international life. It is the organizations that builds women as part of the society and play a crucial role. Women are the center of society and highly regarded. Style the manner of writing or composing piece with passion or elegance. It is the manner on how the auth or writes the essay in formal form.Personality excellence or distinction of social and personal traits. It refers to the characteristics of Aquino as a Filipino woman and all women in the society. Purpose the aim of an essay which is intended to deliver to the reader him/herself. It refers to the goal of the author on how to show the character of Corazon Aquino in the essays. governing the office, dignity, terms, jurisdiction or residence of a President. It is the position Corazon Aquino holds after the EDSA revolution of 1986 over Marcos government. Theme an idea or motive in a work which may be varied or developed. It is the basis of the topic or concept in the present study.CHAPTER IIREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIESThis chapter presents the analyse of related literature and study of the research.Related LiteratureForeign LiteratureDuring the time of Roman republic, women are underestimated by men. In the womens lifetime, they have to succeed their husbands as well as their father. Women are to take care of their guardian. Roman women are typically married off by the age of eighteen. After marriage, women cannot yell rights in her husbands property and can not appeal in court. tho the law has changed, wherein woman becomes powerful in terms of rights and can inherit the property whenever their husband dies. Some women in the elite class become powerful because of their richness, power through marriage and their adulterous. (Russel, 1996) Before, women were not allowed to vote, to be part of the public and political life and even going out without covering everything except their eyes. In other countries, they were not allowed to drink alcohol and if they were caught, they would be penalize severely or punished to death. Women have played different role in different society and in different times. In matriarchal society, women are more powerful than men. In paternal society, men are everything to women.Women and men have the same right. Men occupy the position as the group leader more often than women, but old women assume such roles. Women are now working industriously and earn money to support their family. They work tall(prenominal) as men, but they do not get some respect and salary as men. Women have been tired and worked hard to gain some rights as men. (www.women society.htm, 2008) It has been clear over the last half of the century that women have made the great strides and effort to achieve equality in all areas of society. It might be able to shed some lights as to where our society is going in regard to women in elected office. One will surely think that men are the ones against women in regime in fact, in the beginning, men are the ones who vote before a woman president, before the women can. The same instance holds for the hail of people who believe that women are not suited for politics.The religious and non- religious sects are expecting more liberal views about women in politics as time passes. But p eople have believed that women have the right to be representatives in politics. The trends that people see bring up the problem in our society. Yes, it is true that men and women, the religious and non religious, all feed that women have prepare in the politics but still lack in equality as to the number of offices that women hold. In order for a change to be made, women must have the courage and belief that they are just as qualified to be in politics and must be extremely aggressive in their action. (emailprotectedhtml, 2008) Frummer (1981), states that critical essay helps reader understand a subject. To be critical means to be nifty in every detail of the research a person is studying. Its Greek root means to separate, discern or choose thus the critical essay attempts to enhance the readers understanding of subjects by analyzing different parts and interpreting its meaning.It may deal with any subject worthy of serious study like a painting, a film, a social movement. In mos t writing classes, however, the critical essay assignment focuses in literature although similar procedures are followed in writing other essays. The success of the critical essays depends on another process- the informed reading of another imaginative literature. According to Harmon (1992), the essay is divided into two the formal essay and the non formal essay. Formal essay is diversified in form, spirit and length. At one extreme, it is represented by brief, serious magazine article and at the other by the scientific and philosophical treatises like books rather than essays. The technique of the formal essay is now practically identical with that of all existent or theoretical prose in which literary effect is secondary.The informal essay, on the other hand, has its beginning in aphoustic and moralistic writing, animated by the infection of the personal, broadened and lightened by a free treatment of human manners, controlled somewhat by the limitations of periodical publication s has developed into a recognizable genre, the first purpose which is to entertain. Stanford (1999) suggests that when responding to an essay one should consider its central purpose. An essay may make significant comparisons or contrasts it may explain the reasons of an occurrence or explore the effects of a particular event or action. Some essays contemplate or speculate on an idea, exploring many possibilities without insisting on one final conclusion many other essays, in one way or another argue for or against a point of view, a solution to a problem or a new way of thinking about the word. Whatever the essays purpose, a reader should look carefully at the writers choice of words as well as the way he or she structures both the essay itself and its sentences and paragraph.Local LiteratureThe highly personalized word of action in an impediment to the development of a wider, institutional sphere is based on abstraction such as the rule of the law and the common good. It may be ass umed that this has much to do with the central position of the mother in the Filipino household and all the burdens that it entails. This position becomes the ideological pivot that places women apart from men. The purity of women symbolizes the wholeness of the home. As a superego representative, the term Mother remains the primary embodiment of conscience. In extending and symbolizing warmth and goodness, the female as a wife and mother should love, that is forgiving she should be gentle and compassionate with those who morally depend on her. (Mulder, 1997) According to the Asian Development Bank (2002), the major constraints touch the sociological status of Filipino women are very often quite separate from the substantive nature of law itself.Even in countries where womens right are fully guaranteed in law, the actual implementation and protection of those rights are often compromised by a complex system of practices based on historical, cultural, linguistic, religious, politi cal and other traditions. In many cases, the factor giving rise to the discrimination is many deep-rooted and relate to non legal or paralegal issues. During the period of revolution, the aim of Katipunan was to work for the independence of the Philippines. Besides the pursuit of this aim, there was valuable reaching which the manners were strictly required to follow. Respect for womanhood was the moral qualification of an applier before she could be accepted as a member. The observer of the article referring to woman was strictly demanded during the early days of the association. There were not a fewer in who was expelled because of failure to live up to teachings of the organizations. (Kintanar, 1996) Among all the domains in which the Filipino woman participates, it is perhaps in the home where she enjoys the highest status.When women themselves strongly believe that their place is at home, they become household centered. The wifes work is to be a loving and loyal mate to her h usband. She is responsible for keeping the marriage intact by means of her patience, hard work, submissiveness, and virtue. A mother must attend to her childrens needs such as meals, health, clothing, school needs and moral and religious development. She remains a good household manager and puts her own welfare before that of her husband and children. The recent upsurge of interest in advancing the development of women and increase their participation in community affairs has also resulted in a realization that they can and should become effective partners of men in development endeavors. Women are therefore urge to refrain from confining themselves to the home and household work their social, economic, political and religious endeavors altered to. (Torres, 1995) Cory Aquino has already earned a unique place in the history.In the world dominated by men in action, she is a rarity by virtue of her sex in a political world, where man assumed power through the traditional electoral proc ess or violence, she became the nations President through circumstances without any cognize precedent. As a family member, she is a very clear about her likes and dislikes. She has never been neutral. She tries to do it in a nice way but she makes it very clear that, for example, Im sorry, I cant support you. As a mother, she has ever cooled under pressure. When her husband was arrested, she was upset that she was in perfect control. Her siblings could always look up to her as a source of strength. (Crisostomo, 1986) As a housewife, she never missed a chance with her husband. She stood by the side of her husband and never questioned all his decisions. She never chided him for the troubles he brought into her family. When Ninoy was challenged by Imelda in his prison cell, Cory took his place in the campaign. She, who did not have the experience in the political stage, nor entertained much, foretaste that she would make it.For seven and a half years, she stood outside the gate of h is maximum security prison. As the color of her life changed, she followed a few days later, no longer as a housewife but as a widow to lay his body in the grave. The military soldiers took away her husbands life by shooting him at the back of his head. Before, she was declared as a President, there were lots of consequences she encountered. The chanting done in the computer during the election offered to her just to reject the position and more. Despite of this consequences and offer, she was not dictated by them instead, she made some moves to fight for what she deserved. (Tica, 2007) As a president, she forced three major tasks rebuilding democracy, reserving the economy and ending the communists insurgencythe longest running of its kinds in the world. Her camp and her military advisers suggested that the inauguration be held inside Camp Crame where they would ensure security.But the civilian activists wanted it before the huge crowd of EDSA to dramatize the fact that she was bei ng installed not by military but by Peoples Power. For almost 13 years of Marcos service in the government, the communist turned into a formidable force enjoying the distant admiration of the nation. Everybody wanted Marcos government to lose, but nobody wanted communists to win. Cory Aquino was fortunate. Almost everybody wanted her and they did everything just to place Cory in the position. It made the Filipino people admire the power and bravery of Corazon Aquino. She was the first Filipino woman president who proved to the nation that women could also place in the politics of a society. (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2003) The essay is the communication from the individual author, as person to the reader.Like fiction, the essay is read rather than heard or seen and for these reasons, the author will typically identify himself as one addressing the audience. Since the essay is read from the printed page, its fill is not objectively present. This is also true of fiction. However, th e typical essay is thought off by the reader as a communication from the author to itself. (Tan, 1995) According to Ramos (1991), an essay may be of any length, breadth, death, density, color, savor, odor, appearance, volume or uselessness.It is broadened on one side by the hell fire sermon and or the other by geometrical demonstration and it ranges easily between these extremes of heat and occasionally steals from both of them. The main division into which the essay may be divided, is the personal/ acquainted(predicate) essay a transcript of a personal reaction to some phase or fact of life the author does not regard life with the cold eyes of the scientific thinker. The second is formal essay a serious and personal. It undertakes to discuss a subject critically and coldly and though it also reveals the authors tastes and views, the intimacy between writers and readers hardly exists, for the personality of the former is suppressed. (Roseburg, 1969)

Education - Africa Essay Example for Free

Education Africa EssayIntroduction In this essay I will discuss all the situational factors that organise the basis of the reforms during the era of education reform from 1976-1994 in entropy Africa. The essay will critically discuss factors in detail regarding pre 1994 education. I will thus give a conclusion on all the factors that influenced the educational reforms. The Soweto uprising in 1979 In 1979 on that point was a huge debauch against the education act. The riot was about creating couple learning opportunities for everybody, black and coloured people rioted in the streets of Johannesburg because they were tired of being oppressed. While this was going on tutorers lost the will to teach and learners lost the will to learn. Erosion of the culture of learning and teaching (C. O. L. T) Schools were closed, destroyed and sometimes even burnt down because of the inequalities of learning during this era. This made it very unvoiced for students of colour to learn. Thu s putting education for people of colour in a deep crisis. Students were upset with three major issues the standard of education, the quality of teaching and finally the poor state of school buildings and equipment.These three issues made students not want to attend school and was a main cause to the Soweto uprising in 1976. The De Lange commission The De Lange commission was introduced in order to create a better education system, for example creating equal education opportunities for everybody. These were some of their suggestions education must meliorate quality of life, must promote economic growth and education should be equal and available to every student regardless of their colour. The De Lange commission was considered by the HSRC and xi points from the commission were put into place.The 1994 democratic elections In 1994 the first democratic elections took place, this is the first time that everybody was seen as equal, with equal rights and learning opportunities. People were also given the license to pick which languages they wanted to learn in, as well as energize a weft on subjects they learnt. People were also given freedom of choice in other areas not only education and some of these choices are freedom to vote, freedom to live where they want, freedom to marry between races and International sanctions, against South Africa, in sport and economics were lifted.Differences in schooling between the four different race groups Along almost any dimension of comparison, there have been, and are glaring inequalities between the four schooling systems in South Africa. This applies to teacher qualifications, teacher-pupil ratios, per capita funding, buildings, equipment, facilities, books, stationery and also to results measured in terms of the proportions and levels of certificates awarded. Along these dimensions, sporting schools are far better off than any of the others, and Indian and Coloured schools are better off than those for Afri squeeze ou ts.Schooling is compulsory for Whites, Indians and Coloureds but not for Africans. Which created unequal opportunities when it came to job opportunities. Curriculum during the apartheid era Curriculum development in South African education during the period of apartheid was controlled tightly from the centre. While theoretically, at least, each come apart department had its own curriculum development and protocols, in reality curriculum formation in South Africa was dominated by committees attached to the ovalbumin domicile of Assembly.So prescriptive was this system, controlled on the one hand by a network of inspectors and subject advisors and on the other hand by several generations of poorly qualified teachers, that had authority, controlled learning, and corporal punishment were the rule. These conditions were exacerbated in the impoverished environments of schools for children of colour. Examination criteria and procedures were instrumental in promoting the political pers pectives of those in power and allowed teachers very little latitude to happen standards or to interpret the work of their students.The Bantu education actThe Bantu Education Act (No. 47) of 1953 widened the gaps in educational opportunities for different racial groups. The concept of racial purity, in particular, provided a rationalization for keeping black education inferior. Verwoerd, then minister of native affairs, said black Africans should be educated for their opportunities in life, and that there was no place for them above the level of certain forms of labour. The government also tightened its control over religious high schools by eliminating almost all fiscal aid, forcing many churches to sell their schools to the government or close them entirely.Christian national education(C. N. E) Christian National Education supported the NP program of apartheid by calling on educators to reinforce cultural diversity and to rely on mother-tongue instruction in the first years of primary school. This philosophy also exposed the root that a persons social responsibilities and political opportunities are defined by that persons ethnic identity. The government also gave strong management control to the school boards, who were elected by the parents in each district.Official attitudes toward African education were paternalistic, based on segregation. Black education was not supposed to drain government resources away from white education. The number of schools for blacks increased during the 1960s, but their curriculum was designed to prepare children for menial jobs. Per-capita government spending on black education slipped to one-tenth of spending on whites in the 1970s. Black schools had inferior facilities, teachers, and textbooks.Conclusion In conclusion to the above essay there were many problems such as Christian national education(C.N. E), The Bantu education act, Curriculum during the apartheid era, Differences in schooling between the four different r ace groups, The 1994 democratic elections, The De Lange commission, Erosion of the culture of learning and teaching (C. O. L. T)and The Soweto uprising in 1979.In all these situational factors that formed the basis of the reforms during the era of education reform from 1976-1994 in South Africa, the 1994 democratic elections were put in place so that everyone had equal opportunity at everything it was the main turn around point after the period of 1976-1994.I have discussed some of them in detail so that you can get a better understanding of the reforms that took place during the period of 1976-1994. Words 1024 References 1. http//upetd. up. ac. za/thesis/available/etd-05062008-091259/unrestricted/02chapter2a. pdf 2. http//jae. oxfordjournals. org/content/16/5/849. abstract 3. http//newlearningonline. com/new-learning/chapter-5-learning-personalities/apartheid-education/ 4. http//www. nwu. ac. za/sites/ default option/files/files/p-saeduc/articles/2009articles/Teksversorg_23nov09_OD AV. pdf 5. http//www. mongabay. com/history/south_africa/south_africa-education_under_apartheid. html

Relationship Between Trade Volume and Stock Price Variation

Relationship Between Trade Volume and stemma monetary value VariationRelationship between craft batchand the tenor list costvariation in the capital of the United Kingdom Stock MarketChapter 1 Introduction calling leger is the signal of activity occurring in a transmission line that is a product of some sort of stimulus. Stock charge variations represent changes in stock pricing as a solution of the same itemor, outside stimulus. With the foregoing being the side, it is app bent that there is a definitive link between these two facets as they represent the activity that is the invention of listing companies, to let the market place determine their value. Nguyen and Daigler (2006) add illumination to the antecede by using a Wall Street adage that states it takes volume to check monetary values move, and that volume is relatively heavy in bull markets and light in bear markets. Karpoff (1987, pp. 109-126) adds that is a link that exists between business volume and cha rge change, and that there is a link between occupation volume and the fluctuation level of worth change. consequently, from the foregoing, avocation volume and stock expense variations ar colligate in their activity. Therefore, it is the nature of this linkage that represents the nuance of the marvel. The question is, what are the kinetics of that relationship and how does it work? Does trading volume move and affect stock set variations, or is it stock price variations that help to impact upon trading volume? How does trading volume increase or decrease and what are the stock price reactions that coffin nail be gleaned from these movements as delineate by what ca routine and force relationships. These contexts will be explored and examined, taking into account the market mechanism in which they occur, the London Stock deepen, and how such(prenominal) dynamics interact upon to each one an separate(prenominal).The London Stock Exchange was founded on 3 March 1801 and represents one of the worlds largest and approximately active stock exchanges, and its formation provided a market for securities as hale as regulations in the manner in which business in the case of earth companies should be conducted through monitoring and adjudication by a committee that was enforced by the threat of expulsion . (Michie, 1999, p. 35). Stock markets represent an organized and regulated formation where capital allocation occurs through the trading of securities that represent the shares of listed companies (Baumol, 1965, pp. 2-10). Companies that develop modern products, build a theme in consumer or industrial markets, earn dividends and returns, and deal their resources to build inwrought value that is translated into stock pricing. The foregoing represents simplistic explanation of a process that in reality is an extremely multiform matter. The anticipated and anticipate time to come dollar benefits to be received by stockholders are dividends, which represent the pith via which returns on stockholder enthronization are transferred directly back to the shareholders (Bolten, 2000, p. 9). Thus shareholders and potential investors in companies look at a caller-outs past, present and future projected network as a factor in whether to acquire, retain and or hold onto a stock.There are numerous factors at work in the market a party operates in, as represented by competitive positioning, the boilers suit economic situation, demand for products, goods and or services in the industry sector the company operates in, new developments and a host of other variables that can and do affect company performance, earnings and the ability to pay dividends, all of which represent risk. The importance of the preceding is that these risks can either will in dictatorial or negative developments, consequently, if a stock is projected to and or is returning dividends lower than when the stock was acquired, its price will reflect this and subse quently be lower, with the opposite also being true (Bolten, 2000, p. 10). However, the preceding alone does not explain and or portray stock pricing on its own as there are other variables that will be discussed and examined in this analysis to draw correlations to the relationship between trading volume and stock price variations.Trading volume represents the number of shares that are traded during a given date finish (investorwords.com, 2007) thence the preceding is relatively straightforward and easy to visualise. However, there are other underlying factors that represent deeper and to a greater extent(prenominal) complex determinants that are part of stock trading volume. The varied facets of stock pricing, reflecting the relative success and or position of the company in basis of is sales, competitive posture, earnings performance, dividends, management, future industry prospects, product innovations, exoteric relations activity along with the correlation of price/earnin gs proportionalitys and denumerable other factors that open a bearing on and in this process (Lo and Wang, 2000, pp. 267-300). The forces inherent in the stock market itself as represented by shorting activity, weight-lift/ask spreads, institutional, professional and individual traders as well as economic forecasts and interest rates all make believe differing influences and effects within the preceding dynamics (Lo and Wang, 2000, pp. 267-300). The foregoing is a summary of the highly complex process of stock price variations that are effected and influenced by the complex variable of factors that interact upon each other.There are a number of theories on trading volume, just as there are for stock price variation. Mingelgrin et al (2001, pp. 877-919) along with Anshuman et al (2001, pp. 3-32) put onwards that when stocks are experiencing trading volume that is unnormally high, or low, earn either positive, or negative abnormal returns purloin or fall back during the next month. This is explained as being a allow for of what they term as the combined return effect that is due to the increased, or decreased, stock visability after the afore express(prenominal) high or low trading volume. In this possible action, Mingelgrin et al (2001, pp. 877-919) and Anshuman et al (2001, pp. 3-32) argue that stock visability can affect price as a result of a number of rationales. Mayshar (1983, pp. 114-128) draws the conclusion that when a stock experiences either high volume, the effect suggests either optimisum, in the case of buying activity, or negativeism, in the case of exchange, that triggers additional activity ground upon the premise of attracting, in the case of buying, additional investors or added buying by present stock holders causing the demand turn out to shift upwards. Such effect can be the result of positive news regarding the company concerning sales, meeting profit and or sales targets, and or estimates, positive economic news, and other v ariables with the reverse, selling sctivity, is also true.Other theories and approaches to the explanation of trading volume can take the form of investor trading drifts, beliefs and or theories. Some, investors, hire trading styles that are based upon the characteristics of the stock correlated against the companys size and or momentum at a particular point in fourth dimension (Admati, and Pfleiderer, 1998, pp. 3-40). There are investors, such as professional traders that utilize technical analysis as well as quantitaive strategies for trading whereby if the conditions fit their parameters they invest in large blocks of stock, thus drawing attention to the stock inviting similar or more analysis and potential buying activity (Barberis and Shleifer, 2003, pp. 161-199). The basic unifying theory behind this type of investor trading style is that they tend to hold and acquire stocks that fit their defined characteristics. Conversely, when a stock selection no longer fits these pre- defined style paramters, they tend to be sold, thus creating another type of trading volume swing if their share holdings are large enough, through the influencing of other shareholders, many of which utilize computer trading programs that detect and alert them to stock momentum swings (Barberis and Shleifer, 2003, pp. 161-199).Stock trading represents the opportunity for investors to profit on the upward movement of companies when their strategy is based upon price appreciation as opposed to dividend returns (Dow, 1999). Termed income stocks, dividend buying can occur at any time, but tends to happen mostly after an established period of earnings and dividend growth, whereas growth, or price appreciation trading is primarily tied to positive company developments, news, acquisitions, new markets, innovation and changing industry conditions (Dow, 1999). Growth or price appreciation investors sell winners and sell losers or tend to hold or utilize what is cognise as averaging to buy additional stock as a lower price so that when it moves upward they can either retrieve losses or break even (Odean, 1998, pp. 1775 1798). The varied motivations, trading strategies, theories, trading styles and additional aspects are factors tied to company performance, news, market blood lineamentals, market cycles, stock prices, and other variables which shall be further examined in terms of the various components of trading volume and stock price variation.Chapter 2 Trading VolumeThe factors influencing and affecting trading volume can range from the effects of institutional investment fundss, professional traders, trading programs, company momentum, earnings growth, new product introductions and similar positive company news and or developments, economic forecasts, interest rates, speculation, price appreciation or growth, income or dividend investing, price earnings ratios and positive company fundamentals. Each of the preceding represents a factor or factors that investor s utilizes in making a determination to buy or sell, thus creating trading volume. The first of these, institutional investing, represents one of the most influential forces in stock market trading as delegated portfolio management, as it is termed, represents investments made by grant and mutual funds representing immense sums of financial resources seeking growth, or price appreciation, returns (Naik and Maug, 1996). This group is the most influential of all the preceding categories as a result of their research staffs, analysts, corporate analysis programs, tracking programs and other measures as portfolio managers have access to the most complete cross section of economic, industry, individual company and overall stock market data. As a result of the large sums of money that portfolio managers control, their buying and selling activities are closely watched and observed by their partners, thus representing frightening sums of money that can move into and out of stocks based upon developments that these individuals believe represent buying opportunities, or conditions earmarking sale (Naik and Maug, 1996).Portfolio managers in the U.S., as a result of their fiduciary responsibilities have a number of constraints governing their investment decisions and choices which represent protective covenants put into place to mitigate agency problems concerning the actions of investment firms and their portfolio managers who are acting in the public trust (Almazan et al, 2004, p. 289). The preceding is a product of the pressures of the compensation based earnings incentives that portfolio managers operate under, and the risk taking decisions they are subject to. The incidence of peer watching in this industry is an important facet of their investment making decisions as opposed to the belief that they tend to act on individual nurture and analysis, which is the case for the brightest and most respected of this group, but by and large portfolio managers tend to be followers (Naik and Maug, 1996). The foregoing provides an explanation as to why there are huge monetary movements into and out of stocks triggered by investment decisions of a key respected group. U.S. pension fund strategy tends to invest more heavily in lower excitableness domestic bonds than their UK counterparts (which tend to) have a far larger weighing in higher volatility equities (Blake et al, 1998).In terms of regulations obligate upon UK portfolio managers represents the less restrictive of externally imposed restrictions on their investment behavior found anywhere in the world (Blake et al, 1998). UK portfolio managers are basically unconstrained by their liabilities and trustee sponsors basically do not infer with their daily operations and investment choices, which is different from their counterparts in continental europium and elsewhere (Blake et al, 1998). This means that UK portfolio mangers can invest in basically any security in any asset clas s in any currency and in any add , however there are trustee resistances to derivatives as well as statutory differences regarding self investment in the sponsoring company (Blake et al, 1998). The preceding is in bully contrast to portfolio managers in the United States who face substantial regulatory controls and litigation threats over imprudent investment behavior (Blake et al, 1998). This relatively open and unconstrained investment climate gives UK portfolio managers a large degree of latitude, thus the effects of their investment decisions, monetary movements and reactions of peers and laggards, meaning those who tend to follow the buying and selling behaviours of the more smart managers, has a more profound effect on trading on the London Stock Exchange than in the United States and many other markets.The effect of the follow the leader approach, as put forrad by Naik and Maug (1996), does have its supporting points. Fund managers are usually benchmarked against the performance of other fund managers, thus their having usual downward deviations as compared with the industry as a whole can have consequences in terms of their careers and or rankings, whereas standard returns represent the anticipate performance of the industry and thus investors in the fund are not negatively impacted (Naik and Maug, 1996). The preceding is referred to as a relative performance paygrade element and this represents important factors that thus influence the decisions of the portfolio managers on how he allocations assets (Naik and Maug, 1996). The importance of the examination of the operational facets that portfolio managers operate under is important in the discussion of the relationship between trading volume and stock price variations in the London Stock Exchange as a result of the huge sums of money that portfolio managers control and how such impacts upon the decisions of other investor areas, professional traders, trading programs, style investors, and p rivate investors as a result of their clout.The impact of the preceding is found in the highly concentrated nature of the fund management industry in the United Kingdom whereby a poor fund performance stands out more than in the United States, thus they stand the risk of losing substantial market share as a result of poor performance (Blake et al, 1998). Thus, while UK portfolio managers have less outside regulatory constraints, the market dynamics with regard to the reduced number of funds thus makes them more risk averse, thereby the decisions they make are viewed as being move by their peers and the general public (AON, 2005). In equating the relative influence that UK portfolio managers have in the market is reflected by the fact that fund assets for UK companies are around 27% (2004) of the market capitalization of a company, as opposed to approximately 16% in the United States (AON, 2005). The preceding means, match to an analysis conducted by AON, that the theoretical imp act on the share price of UK companies (by funds is) 7% as compared to the impact of funds on share price in the United States that is estimated at 4%. To gain a perspective on the foregoing, one needs to have a broad picture of the ratio of pension funds in relationship to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, which stood at an estimated 43% in 2004 (Roldos, 2004). The preceding represents epoch-making influence that funds hold over the market and thus the share prices of companies by their investment decisions.Pension funds and other institutional investors have and do play an important part in the substantial growth and structural changes in capital markets as a result of their providing a means for small investors to pool their risks thereby providing them with increased diversification as well as reduced risk and enhanced return (Roldos, 2004). The impact and influence of UK pension funds represent o wnership of 16% of listed UK companies, or 230 billion (FairPensions, 2007). The growth in the power of pension funds and other institutional funds is and has replaced savings in banks as the means for individuals to build retirement income thus representing the growth in the importance, impact and power of funds in the stock and other asset investment markets (Roldos, 2004). The preceding is a significant in that funds will continue to experience their growth patterns thus increasing their impact in investment vehicles and the alike(p) influence over pricing and valuations.The importance, impact and influence of institutional funds, which in this context shall refer to pension as well as other fund types, which are at the core of the important relationship between economic development and finance which entails an understanding of the theories, rules, institutions and systems that interact with and impact financial markets and thus stock performance. One theory, efficient market p ossible action, is defined by Fama (1970, pp. 383-417) is one whereby security prices always reflect the available information regarding the fiscal standing of a listed company. Fama (1970, pp. 383-417) indicates that there are three types of efficient market hypotheses the weak, strong and semi-strong forms. The weak form suggests that past returns and or prices are a reflection of future returns and or prices, and this form has seemingly held true as a result of the inconsistencies in the performance of technical analysts (Fama, 1970, pp. 383-417). Fama (1970, pp. 383-417) expanded upon the weak form concept, including the predicting of future returns utilizing macroeconomic variables and or accounting tools, with the factor of predictability representing the case for arguments against this form. The strong form suggests the prices of securities are a reflection of all available data, even that which resides in the private sector, which is open to question in that the well known i nsiders trading profits are not fastly or readily incorporated into trading prices as put forth by Seyhun (1986, pp. 1337-1345).The semi-strong form puts forth that the prices of securities is a reflection of all public information that is available, thereby indicating that securities are not over or under valued, which means that trading is not capable of generating superior returns (Fama, 1970, pp. 383-417). Pinkerton et al (1996, pp. 247-266) tested this hypothesis through intraday tests concerning the release of public information that provided evidence that such developments impacted the price of stocks within minutes, thereby validating this hypothesis in most instances. However, those changes were a result of selected availability to the information by traders and institutional investors whose buying or selling of stock represented the fuel for corrections, thus not proving the theory to hold true as to public information availability adjustments. This was proven via studies conducted concerning announcements such as earnings, stock splits, divestures, takeovers and capital expenditures whereby stock pricing adjustments, in general, happen in a day as opposed to the theory as put forth by the efficient market hypothesis. The efficient market hypothesis makes the strong assertion that since new information is available and thus incorporated into the stock price, that such information (new) thus helps to spark increased buying or selling based upon the nature of such information.Ball and Brown (1968, pp. 159-178) conducted a study in the foregoing area with respect to earnings and indicated that the normal prediction of this area represents accountants calculating income from divisions, cost, production, overhead, depreciation, taxes, research and development, leases, and all manner of computations to arrive at projected earnings for a company based upon the information supplied at a given point in time. New and probable income and or market events are g enerally keep in the accounting area as scenarios that they can utilize to make adjustments to earning when any of the prior predicted occurrences happen, thus there is a delay in the transference of this new information into real terms, hence the statement of stock price corrections taking about one day to manifest themselves, which is opponent to the efficient markets hypothesis. Muscarella and McConnell (1985, pp. 399-422) in their study of capital expenditures found that unanticipated increases in this area had a positive outcome on the market value of a company, and that the reverse was also true. Thus the announcement of such events first sends analysts scrambling to their computers to work in the new variables, thereby effecting a delay in the stock price, with immediate buying taking place as portfolio managers understanding the plus or minus connotations of such announcements and thus getting in of the anticipated stock rise before it happens, meaning volume drives the pri ce before the figures are known and then the price settles in.Chapter 3 The Process of Buying and Selling StocksTo understand the dynamics with regard to the stock trading process, an understanding of the mechanisms is important. Every security that is traded on the London Stock Exchange has a market maker who thus provides a quote representing the buy and sell price of the stock, with the difference between the bid and flip spread representing where they make their profit (StockExchangeSecrets.com, 2007). Marker makers on the London Stock Exchange utilise the SEAQ, which brokers utilize to find out the current quotation, bid/ask price on a particular security (Pagano and Roell, 1990, pp. 63-115). The SEAQ is the Stock Exchange Automated Quotation System that is driven by quotes whereby it updates on a continues footing the bid and offer quotes established by market makers (Pagano and Roell, 1990, pp. 63-115). However the largest and heaviest traded securities use the SETS, Stock Exchange Electronic Trading System), that is utilized to trade blue chip UK stocks that matches buy and sell orders using a price/time basis (Pagano and Roell, 1990, pp. 63-115). The changes in the bid and offer price are reflective of changes that the market makers use based upon their information about the impacts of stock buying and selling as well as the formulas for a companys market capitalisation, earnings and other variables. In most instances, the run up in price as a result of buying after an announcement tends to be in line with what the relative value of the announcement has in terms of the companys position, price earnings ratio, market capitalisation and the weight of the past accomplishments of the company over a long period of time. In other words, when a stock initially goes public, investment bankers utilize highly complex formulas along with valuation methods to determine the value of a company via how many shares are to be offered and the price of those shares ( investopedia, 2007).The initial price of a stock is a product of the calculated determination of the varied formulas and the relative attractiveness of a stock in terms of its anticipated public acceptance and build-up through advance interest on the part of institutional and private investors (GlobalInvestment Institute, 2007). As the company settles in to performance and achieving results, the stock price begins to change in what can be termed price adjustments as a result of the establishment of more narration on the company and the publics reaction to it via the laws of supply and demand, meaning the number of shares available and stock price correlations (Hischey, 1985, pp. 326-335). The overall facets determining the price of a stock is a complex set of variables. It represents an estimate that is performed of the cash, that includes the companys future earnings, which can be extracted from the company factored by the fact that cash in the near term is more valuable that cash representing five age hence Chan et al (1990, pp. 255-276). In so doing, estimates are run to reach a determination of the risk tough in the receipt of said future cash, or business, along with the time period or periods necessary to accrue the calculated sum(s) (Brainard and Tobin (1968, pp. 99-122).Technical factors as well as the individual and collective sentiments representative of the market place that can thus be termed supply and demand, with technical factors a representation of facts that can be predicted or quantified. The foregoing represent aspects such as the aforementioned position of the company in its industry sector, the rating of its products, goods and or services relative to said industry, positioning of its competitors, its technical and innovative prowess, historical record in its market sector and effectiveness in combating its rivals, the extent of its products and market penetrations in comparison to its competitors as well as its capabilities and resour ces to deal with and respond to unforeseen events (Brainard and Tobin (1968, pp. 99-122). An example of a company in a solid current market position with sound prospects for the future is Dyson. Its revolutionary Dual Cyclone vacuum represented the first real innovation in the industry in decades, along with its revolutionary design, performance and value. The history of dramatic growth and successful expansion into international markets, coupled with its reputation, earnings and positioning as the top selling manufacturer in Western Europe as well as the leading company in the sales of upright vacuums in the large U.S. market in just 16 years represents an example of the preceding (UGS, 2007).The preceding illustrations concerning trading volume have been undertaken to provide the foundational background for a foundational understanding of stock price variation and trading volume on the London Stock Market. As indicated in the examples, factors, theories and explanations utilized r epresent a complex set of differing variables that are interconnected, yet separate aspects acting within the same context. And number of separate facets can trigger a surge in trading volume of an upward or downward nature that is usually first tied to investor sentiment, and in the case of institutional investors, their individual calculations, projections and analysis of company positions, financials and other factors. And for all of the preceding, it represents a series of initial educated guesses, indorse up by technical information, market savvy, and doses of follow the leader, in the case of institutional firms.Chapter 4 Relationship Between Trading Volume and Stock Price Variations on the London Stock ExchangeThe importance, impact and influence of trading volume as a compoent in the determination of stock price variations that has been examined through the effects of institutional investing trading volumes, regulations, the follow the leader and peer perspectives, impact of institutional funds as a factor of company and market percentages, efficient market hypothesis, and how stocks are brought and sold. Stock trading volume is linked to the activities conducted by companies as a component of their reputation, future business and earning prospects, the activities of public relations activities to keep the company in the minds of the investing and general public, the effectiveness of its products, goods and services in relationship with its competitors in its industry, and the relative position of the firm in its bearing cycle. Just as is the case with products that have what are termed their market introduction phase, period of growth, market maturity and sales decline that varying in duration and timing (Day, 1981, pp. 66-67), such is also true for companies.The company life cycle (QuickMBA, 2007) represents the stages that a company passes through which can vary in the period of time it remains in certain stages as a factor of its industry type a s well as management innovation. The preceding has importance in an examination of stock price variations as well as trading volume in that newer firms will experience more stock price volatility than mature companies that are settled into their industries, such as General Motors, British Airlines, Marks and Spencer, and ASDA/Wall- Mart, as opposed to Dyson, Cambridge Display Technology and innocent. The relative position of a company in its life cycle standing of initial growth / emerging, rapid growth, mature and declining positioning represents a large difference in how the institutional and well as individual investor will view it in terms of it being speculative, growth, long term investment or income, meaning dividends (investopedia, 2007). The preceding represents facets that are reflected in its volatility, as initial growth / emerging companies represent a different investment as opposed to a mature company that has been around for decades and has an established stock price . As the later groups, mature and declining companies do not represent the optimum examples to examine stock price variation and their relationship to trading volume, they will be excluded from this examination, as their stock prices are relatively stable, show minor price variation swings and have steady established volume ranges whereby new developments, announcements, news and events, unless extremely dramatic, do not produce large stock price changes.And as is the case with trading volume, stock price variations can have a number of variables that represent differing factors in determining price at any given time. As explained in Chapter 3, The Process of Buying and Selling Stocks, the internal mechanisms of the London Stock Exchange operates in pretty much the same fashion as other major exchanges in that it utilizes market makers, bid and offer spreads and computerized quotation systems to provide brokers with information. As explained by Hischey (1985, pp. 326 335) companies are a product of their past and present industry performance as well as their reputation and appeal to the public representing supply and demand for its stock in correlation to that performance and projections of its performance in the future. Chan et al (1990, pp. 255-276) advises that the preceding also includes technical calculations of risk, and future performance along with cash positions and value. The ability of the company to demonstrate its potential to handle stable and unstable economic conditions as well as known and unforeseen events arising from competitors along with marketplace conditions, and its past history in the handling of these variables are also factors that are determinants of stock pricing (Brainard and Tobin, 1968, pp. 99-122).The correlation between the preceding and the effects of trading volume on stock pricing and how this impacts it, variations, represents a context that calls into play the aspects of trading volume referred to in Chapter 2 Trading Volume, as well as Chapter 3 The Process of Buying and Selling Stocks, and how these factors impact on stock price variations. Karpoff (1987, pp. 109-126) as well as Rogalski (1978, pp. 268-274) agree on the fact that there is a positive correlation between trading volume and price changes and that volume is related to price change magnitudes. The mixture of distributions hypothesis represents a dynamic method illustrating returns and trading volume when the information process regarding arrival has been identified (Andersen, 1996, pp. 169-204). Volatility in stocks represents the standard deviation of change in price that occurs in a specific time period (martinsewell.com, 2006).The mixtur

The Alchemist By Paulo Coelho

The Alchemist By Paulo Coelho2.The alchemist (in the form of Melchizedek) says to capital of Chile, When you re all toldy want something to happen, the whole cosmos conspires so that your wish practises true. Write or create a response which captures a time in your own life when you had a wish, and you felt that the whole universe conspired for OR a come alongst you. What happened to make you feel that charge? Did your wish come true?3.Santiago is guided by his dreams and by omens which appear to him throughout his journey. Write about a noteworthy dream you involve had, or about an omen which guided you somehow during the course of your life. How did you interpret the dream or omen, and how did it influence your life?4.The onetime(a) man states that the worlds greatest lie.is that at a certain point in our lives, we lose control of whats happening to us, and our lives become controlled by mess. Do you, desire the old man, trust this is a lie, and that we argon always in cont rol of our destinies? Why/ why not? Why do you weigh people believe the Worlds greatest lie? Or..Write about/explore artistically a time in your life when you felt as though you had lost control, and your fate was being determined by other forces. Why did you feel that way? Did you regain control?5. Santiago is told that people are afraid to pursue their close to grave dreams because they feel they dont deserve them, or that theyll be unable to achieve them. Create a written or artistic response to the attach toing Do you have a goal or dream which intimidates you? Why do you feel unworthy or fearful of it? What practical steps might you begin to make the goal more accessible or easier to accomplish? On the other hand, are there some dreams which we are correct to fear? Do you believe some dreams should simply remain as dreams? Why/why not?Geographical Locations in the NovelAndalusia Al-Fayoum ( harbor in Egypt)Tarifa El Cairum (p.76)Salem (Jerusalem) Nile tangy (p. 44) Coptic MonasteryCeuta (p. 44) Moors (p.27)Mecca (p. 54) Sahara Desert (36)Regional, Cultural or Spiritual Allusions and basisNarcissus (Prologue) Esperanto (p.66)King Melchizedek (Genesis14, King Most High) Helvetius, Elias, Fulcanelli, Geber (p.82)Koran (p. 54) Scarab (p.161)Muslim Simum (p.148Mecca Coptic (153,154)Allah (p. 71, 97) Tiberius (p.158)Levanter (p.27) hookah (p. 114)Maktub (p. 59)The Alchemists Terms/ExpressionsThe sense of the World Philosophers Stone ((p.66)The Unspoken Language Elixir of Life (p. 66)The Language of the World Master Work (p.81)Personal figment Emerald Tablet (p. 126) get winding of Favorability (p. 29)Urim and Thummin (p. 30)Vocabularyscabbard (37) treasonous (129)conspire elixir (133)scimitar (112) contemplate (134)brandish (112) fixedly (136)dialect (106) flourish (145)prognostication (111) sirocco (146)monotony (124) tether (151)tracts (126) recount (153) stimulate (128) disciple (153)centurion (158) avidly (159)scarab (161) sacristy (163)alchemy inf idel (34)Preliminary Notes About the NovelThe Alchemist is written in a fable format. What is a fable, and why would Coelho use it to tell his story? Generally speaking, fables use recognizable, simple characters and settings in order to illustrate a simple truth about life or human nature. What is it that Coelho attempts to teach?Even though you whitethorn not initially understand some of the unusual terminology in the story (Soul of the World, for example), its themes are ones which are probably familiar to you. Can you think of of some old, familiar proverbs or songs that capture some of these ideas? For example, think about what ends up being more important for Santiago-the journey.or the destination Where is it that Santiago eventually finds happiness? People have been writing and singing about the answers to these questions for yearsThe novel integrates ideas and philosophies of many faiths and historical periods. more of these ideas concern the pursuit of truth, ones intend ed destiny and the attainment of personal happiness. Coelho refers to these combined elements as ones Personal Legend. He tells the story of Santiago in order to teach us how we may find and live out our own Personal Legends. These ideas, though, have been explored since ancient times in one form or some other by countless faiths and peoples. Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Taoism, Christianity, Judaism, countless tribal cultures, in addition to ancient and modern philosophers, all attempt to define the idea of ones Personal Legend (though they may call it by different names), and all subscribe paths to achieving personal fulfillment. Thus, although the fable is about no faith or philosophy in particular, it is about all faiths and philosophies.Alchemy is the medieval science of transforming rocks into gold. Alchemy plays an important part in the plot (literal level) of the story, but it also becomes a symbol, or allegorical device, in the legend (figurative level). Coelho is really us ing characters, events and symbols as tools to show us how to achieve spiritual alchemy. In other words, how do we find or recognize the gold, our Personal Legend in the rocks of the everyday, ordinary, simple details of our lives? As Santiago discovers, sometimes the gold is not faraway, not glittery, not exotic, and not complicated, but it may require a journey of courage, faith and perseverance to discover what it is and where it is hidden.In an interview, Paulo Coelho talks about Four Pillars of Alchemy- four important tips for finding ones Personal LegendOne essential believe in The Soul of the World. The ancient Latin term for this concept is anima mundi. In short, this idea suggests that everything in the world is inter spliceed that is, what one does affects everything else, from the smallest grain of guts to the largest whale, and vice versa. Writers and thinkers such as Plato, Walt Whitman and Khalil Ghibran have attempted to illustrate this interconnectedness in their works.One must listen to the voice of the heart. Coelho suggests that sometimes we must follow our feelings and intuitions, even if we do not fully understand them. Through feeling one gains wisdom.One must be faithful to ones dreams, for they both test and abide by us. In other words, the path to achieving ones Personal Legend may not be an easy one, but we must endure the tests in order to gain the rewards.One must surrender oneself to the universe. Coelho suggests that we must allow ourselves to be open to recognizing and learning from omens and signs which come our way.Questions for Novel StudyWhy does Coelho open with the modified story of Narcissus? How does the new version differ from the original one? How does it careen the myths meaning? What might the author be suggesting about how we perceive ourselves and the world?The novel opens with Santiago thinking about his sheep. What does he observe about their existence? How might the sheep symbolize the way some people live their lives? How does his observation that they have forgotton to aver on their own instincts foreshadow later events in the story?How does Santiagos father react when his son tells him that he wants to travel?(p.9)To what degree is his fathers observation about travelers (They come in search of new things, but when they leave they are basically the same people they were when they arrived.) true about Santiago?Why does the old caboodle teller say that Santiagos dream is difficult to interpret?(p.12-14). Why is Santiago suspicious of her?The old man tells Santiago the story about the miner and the emerald on p. 24. How does it connect to Santiagos situation? What does he mean when he says that treasure is uncovered by the force of flowing water, and it is buried by the same currents? What does this quote have to do with the miner/emerald story?What point does the old mans story about the boy in the castle and the drops of oil (p.30-32) make? How might this story harbour to us in o ur modern lives?How does the King assist Santiago in recognizing omens? When does Santiago use this help?How do Santiagos thoughts and perceptions about himself and the world begin to change on pp. 42-44? Describe three things that Santiago sees now that he had never noticed before.What lessons does Santiago learn by working at the crystal stigmatise? Why do you think Coelho chose crystal? How does the crystal merchants explanation for not taking the pilgrimage to Mecca (p.55) highlight the difference between Santiago and the merchant? What upshot does the merchant say Santiago has had on him?The Englishman and his goals are described on pp.65-70. What is he looking for? What does he demonstrate to Santiago that he already knows? On p. 78, he says that the progress made at the crystal shop is an example of the principle of the Soul of the World. What does he mean? How does he define this? How does he connect the idea to the kindred between the caravan and the desert?The oasis is described in great detail. How does its lushness, laughter and color reflect what Santiago finds there? Where else in the story does Coelho provide details about the physical setting in order to lend more meaning to the events which occur there?Explain how Santiagos marrow with Fatima represents the Language of the World, according to Santiago on p.93. Why does Fatima accept that her new husband wanders the desert, as she explains on p.98?What is the meaning of the two dead hawks and the falcon in the oasis? How does this omen change Santiagos status in society?During his trek through the desert with the alchemist, Santiago is told of many basic truths. The alchemist says,There is only one way to learn. Its through action. Everything you need to know you have learned through your journey(p.125). What are some of the things Santiago has learned through action?Why do you think the alchemist tells Santiago the story about the mans dream about the two sons (the poet and the soldier) on p. 156?Why did Santiago have to go through the dangers of the tribal wars on the outskirts of the oasis in order to reach the Pyramids? At this point, the boy remembers the old proverb The darkest hour of the night came just before the dawn. How does this apply to his situation now? At the end of the journey, why did the alchemist leave Santiago alone to complete it?Earlier in the story, the alchemist told Santiago when you possess great treasures within you, and try to tell others of them, rarely are you believed. At the end of the story, how did this simple lesson change Santiagos life? How did it lead him back to the treasure he was looking for?Topics for ResearchWhat is alchemy? What processes were involved? Who performed it and why? Who were the famous alchemists of the medieval period?Who is Melchizedek? What role does he play in the Old Testament?What are the Five Pillars of Islam (p. 54). What is the Koran?Explore the concept of Soul of the World as different religions and philosophies define it.Research the tribal ways of the Bedouins of the Sahara (77).Research one of the geographical settings from the novel.What are the basic theories of Freuds or Jungs dream compend theories? Catalog all of the dreams that occur in the book, and attempt to interpret one according to a theorist.Research levanters, siroccos and other regional weather features described in the book.Post-Reading ActivitiesMap out Santiagos journey. Include obstacles he encounters and lessons he learns in their geographically correct locations. Provide a key which suggests ideas, progress, symbolism, etc. (I will explain)Read Walt Whitmans Leaves of dirty dog and keep a reaction journal which connects his verse to Coelhos Soul of the World idea.Keep a dream journal for one week. Try to interpret what you think they mean on your own, then research what they might mean according to Freud or Jung, or according to an ancient culture (medieval, Egyptian, Greek, African,etc.)Create a danc e, pantomime, musical or other performance in which you use Unspoken Language to convey the story of Santiago.Create a painting, collage, photo-essay, shapescape (I will explain) or sculpture which captures an idea, relationship or moment from the story. Provide a written explanation of your work.Produce a creative writing piece which captures some of the central ideas of the book. Some ideas daybook A Day in the Life of a ShepherdTwo or three songs (with lyrics) from The Alchemist The MusicalRewrite a portion of the story from a different perspective Fatima, the Alchemist,the Fortune Teller, the crystal merchant the sheepWrite Santiagos How-To Find Your Treasure Handbook, or Personal Legends for DummiesScrapbook (with explanatory notes) of Santiagos travels-feature pictures and items which Santiago accumulates as he learns about lifeLetters between Fatima and SantiagoUnspoken Language Journal-Tune in to the various forms of hard language we experience around us every day. What ge stures, seventh cranial nerve expressions, intuitions and signals do we give and receive to guide us in our responses, actions, reactions and relationships? Observe interactions at school, at home, in nature, and in public places, and record incidents which illustrate that unspoken communication is sometimes as (if not more) powerful than the spoken word.

International Business Environment

world-wide Business Environment1. transnational backing environmentBook0)Business mean to busy in an activity, which atomic number 18 related to money almost backing adopt 50% chances of profit and losses.(Morrison, j. 2002)Business is ope targetd in e very(prenominal) part of the world. As the railway line grow. It is looking for invigorated opportunities across the border. International line of merchandise is the term use for the operation and objective of the composition that guard birth interest in other countries. For illustration Tesco, Ford, General Motor, McDonald, Disney, so many other companies. These companies have key interest to standardise their point of intersection for usual acceptance. The world(prenominal) business becomes more complex. Tie between the different societies and organisations. (Meldrum, D.H) as businesses inter into new market it chances of 50% losses increases. Due to different in frugal, political, cultural structure, policies, geo graphy and currencies. These reckon decreases profit ratio of worldwide investment. thither are no specific criteria to measure such(prenominal) in-stability. Every investor employ their own method and measure. Uncertain condition of expanse make easy for international business to design their own stability criteria.(Considering lay on the line in international business) Business has no idea well-nigh the local risk. Its difficult to operate and wipe taboo in such condition where the cultivation, Social, Economic, Political, and legal structure are not stable. In such cause the international business need to take all(prenominal) the measurement either its Commercial, Culture, Social. Political or legal instability before enter into new market or realm.2. International business(McCulloch, C.1999)International business is started as with the formation of first national borders. Greek started such activity before the Christ fol scurvy by the British in 1600 when they establis h the eastmost India Company throughout the Asian as trading firm. With passage of snip international business is started all over the world especially in linked State. (Czinkota et al., 1999) The international business brings countries together. It makes the world as global village. It transfers the ideas, training, service, and capital across the grounds borders. This results in best used of human capital increases employee opportunity. Equal growth of wealth, cost stability, availabilities of goods and services to apiece and every one. It bring new environment of friend transmit, development, stability, prosperity, innovation and technology in the world. Due to the international business same kind of product are used throughout the world. For example ford, Toyota, Honda, and McDonald, KFC, burger king, and so many other things which are use worldwide.International business brings globalisation in the production. For example dingle com baffleer it different part are produ ced in different countries, assemble these parts in another and sell it in yet other countries.3. interpretation of international business(Book4) The commercial activities crossed national borders. It involved the international movement of good, capital, services, employees and technology importing and exporting cross-border transactions in intellectual position (pa disco biscuitts, trademarks, know-how, copyright materials, etc) via licensing franchising and management contracts.Book3 ) the transaction done by individual or organisation cross the countries. To satisfied the objective by mean of export, import and alien direct investment. And it carried out in wholly owned, joint venture, licensing, franchising and management contracts4. Problems of international businessBook4) International business experiences some difficulties when they operate in other countries.International businesses have to deal under the local rules and regulation. Have to use international languages.Di fficult to get information active foreign countries.Deal in foreign currency. The flip rate may be varied.When deal in other countries their culture and social value must be taken in account.The risk factor is high in foreign countries include political, commercial, and financial.Communication and control of international business is difficult.Difficult to absorb the demand of the international market.Most of time is waste in research and survey of the local market trends.5. Meaning of stabilityJ1) Stability is very important for the human life. Without it there will be no culture no organisation and no society. (dictionary) According to oxfords dictionary. Resistance to change, deterioration or displacement. Stability is a ship in the sea which maintain its upright position either the condition is.Stability maintain for long period of time and it resist to all the changes that chance in the surrounding. According to Aldous Huxleys the stability is way of life. And life Moto is c ommunity, identity and stability. if we come to the countries stability it has great impact on all walks of life. J4) without the stability the countrified well be in depression. And their well be no social security, health care, education, defence, infrastructure, law and protective services, low GDP, GNI, AND PPP (Purchasing, Power, and Parity ), price fluctuation, un-stable fill in rate, high rate of assesses, no leadership, no culture values, no innovation, no technology, financial position of the countries will be week, and have no capital market. such condition is not abundant for the international business. Business development and prosperity are depending on the local and national conditions.bbok1) for example both South and northwards Korea. South Korea living standard is 10 times better then northward Korea. GDP of 46.4m compare to 22 m GDP of North Korea. This hulky different is only because of stability of the both countries. North Korea tries to attract the forei gn investment but poor infrastructure, un-reliable power supply, poor transportation and unstable soldiers condition are the big barriers for the foreign investor. On the other hand South Korea has stable political, economical, legal environment, and stable infrastructure. Which cause of attraction for the international business and South Korea main stream business are Daewoo, Hyundai, and LG. These are the internationals brands.6. Instability of the countriesJ9)Different business made their own criteria to measure country in-stability but mostly the factor involved in country in-stability is closely related to each other.Political instabilityEconomical instabilityCultural instabilityLegal instability financial instabilityLocation and neighbourhood6.1 Political instabilityBook3)Political stability play an important role in the stability of the country. Due to political stability international business are attracted to invest in the country, despite their location, weather, and nat ural resources availability. Boo4) politics is define asthe direction and administration of state governing body andthe control of core social family birthBbok5)However, political instability is a great risk for the international business. Usually these are three risks.Ownership risk, in some causes the willpower of the international business is shifted to the host country without any compensation to international business through confiscation or expropriation.Operation risk, international business faces such maculation. Due to the security, change of law and regimen, terrorism, arm conflict, civil war, tax regulation, and so on.Transfer risk, transfer of money from one country to another, in which the government rules are involved, high exchange rate, and tax on transfer of money.J5)Political instability get collectable to continuous change in government, and law, nationalism corruption in the government officer. Example is Pakistan where the government change on a regular basis. this create security risk, inflation and high corruption.Terrorism, internal is external war (arm conflict), kidnapping, example Afghanistan, Pakistan Iraq, and Serra. Jouranl2 according to Gupta (1990) he use ten elements to explain the political in-stabilities.Number of political demonstrationsNumber of riots Number of death (assassinations)Armed attack eventsPolitical executionsNumber of death from political violence point of successful coups dtatOccurrence of un-successful coups dtatNumber of strikes andNature of government democracy or dictatorship.Bo5)Political fluctuation has bad impact on international business. In such condition international business before inter into new political environment need to get all information. request to make such compendium.Government of the country in the political party hand (democracy). Or it power in the hands of one person (dictatorship).The countries have deliver market or the government control it. Is government encouraging th e international business to invest in local market to achieve the economic goals?Who are the customers and competitors of the international business private or public sector?Is Policy making of the country is according to law?Is the change of government the economic policies well change or remains same?B4)Political in-stability affect all kind of business even it home or foreign. To make decision about the future investment in foreign country information about the country political condition are collected from the following sources.Personal enforce to country get information from local business. Bank, stock market and international credit control agencies. And from local news.Get information from the country embassy. And from locals who have expert knowledge about the country point.International chamber of commerce is one of the best sources of information.From the minister of the home country. Get export opinion from the local tribe who are specialist in a particular field.6.2 Economic instabilityBook1)Countries are considered stable if they have high national income. Price stability, high capacity of production of products and services, high employment rates with technological innovation and high investment. And the indicator of the economic growth high rate of GDP affects the high standard of living, heath and capital investment. These factors are very important for international business to invest in such economy. Government and economics are interrelated with each other. If government is stable economy is stable by itself.jour6) Political instability affects the GDP growth of country. It is called politicalization of economic growth. Economic growth is not stirred by the nature of the government (democracy or dictatorship). But it is affected by it policy either its fiscal or monitory. Develop economy have the following features.High education rate, public health care services, and social benefit are available to each and every one in the country. s aving has high defence clay. General public and country assets are secure, no arm conflict and terrorism. For example Pakistan has security problem and internal terrorism due which economy is going down.Developed infrastructure mean of communication, transportation, power supply and the availability of banking and financial structure.( journal 7) For example power supply situation is very bad in Pakistan it have regular break down and not even fulfil the local requirement. Plus the transportation in Pakistan is not victorian regulated.Country has appropriate industrial and agriculture development.Developed monitory policy, for example country has price stability, equal diffusion of money and money exchange rate is remaining stable. For example Pakistan money exchange rate changes regularly. This increases fluctuation in economy.Economy has high government spending and low tax rates.Jouranl8) economy is realised only when exchange rate not remain stable in international market and government have high tax rates and low spending which increases fluctuation in economy. And inflation is increases in the country. And economic situation is considering in-stable. Book 6) to increase trade between countries economic bloc are establish. For example Europe, North America, South America and Asia pacific areas. Countries in economic bloc have high rate of GNP then the non member countries.Book 7)international business have prier information about the economic situation and make such analysis before investing in the country.Population of the country, power of consumption, income level, balance distribution of money, industrialisation and agricultural activities.GNP rate, rate of growth, GNI rate, price stability, rate of inflation, money exchange rate, government taxes and spending.Infrastructure transportation, communication, mean of power supply, banking and availability of financial intuition.sizing of economy and economic system centrally planned economy, mixed econ omy or market economy.Number and size of competing unit. Balance distribution of business or firm have market monopoly.Life style, shopping pattern, urbanisation, heath and social services, housing environment, law and defence and education level.Sources for international business to get information about local economy is World Bank, IMF, Government publish data, and international economic services.6.3 Cultural instabilityBook6) culture give the bounce be defined in different ways(Meeds) Share patterns of behaviours(Hofstede) Collective mental programming Culture is different from nation to nation, because of language, religion, ethic, and behaviours. These have direct effect on life style, education, economic, organisation and political structure, law and regulation. Culture separates the world into different nation and state. Most of conflicts within country barber are arise due to culture difference. This divides country into two parts. For example Pakistan and India separate fr om each other only due to culture difference.Language is different from country to country. In most countries people used more than one language. Which rise issue of culture different in the same nation. For example Pakistan has more than one language. Which rise race issue in same country. And create economic, political, law and order, unequal distribution of wealth crises in the country. Affect the stability of the country.Book2) From the last one decade spiritual race is rise in the world. Divide the world into two religions Islam and Christianity. And create terrorist and religious extremist. For example Telenor Denmark mobile company operated in Pakistan last lots business and offices across the country during period of 2005 and 2006 due to religious riots and strikes to protest blasphemous cartoon against Islam was publish in one of Denmark news paper.Country with culture extremist is considered unstable. And most of investor shows overlook of confidence in investing such co untries. Following analysis international business need to done before invested in such countries.How strong Culture County have. Number of Culture conflict in the country. And their effect one local and international business.Business has information of Religious extremism activity in country. And number of religious strikes and riots.Information about local social, labour and market culture.Number of language in country and racism activity in country. and law and order situation of country.6.4 Legal instabilityBook india)Law varies from countries to county. Country law is according to their political and economic situation. And design by Government and society. Law deal all aspects of business either it is contract, employment, tax regulation, property protection, company law, competition, health and safety, environment, human right, product liability, trade mark, patents, nationalization, currency exchange, and foreign currency. Court or judicial system exercises such law in coun try. In most countries court system is weak, and law change regularly with change in government. Corruptions in system, conflict are remittal outside courts. Delay in court decision. Judicial system is not destitute in throw under the supervision of the government. For example Pakistan where judicial system is unstable and government supervise court. This created lots of security problems in country. And it have considerable unfavourable situation for foreign investor.J9)In some causes country law put barrier in way of foreign investor. Country law put restriction on transfer of funds. This creates transfer risk for international business. High tax rates on foreign investment. Restrict export and import policy. Analyses of international business before invest in a country.Business has information about common, civil, public and criminal law. And have idea about country law for foreign investment.How local law protect the intellectual property like trademark, patents, alteration a nd copyright.How the court or judicial system work, court system in country is strong or weak, law have their own freedom or it work under the supervision of government.Business has information about law of data protection and personal details.How health and safety, human right regulation work at the place of work.International business can get such information from sources World bank report, human right organisation, UNO, country financial report, news, and country legal report.6.5 financial instabilityJ10) Financial instability slows down development process in the countries. Stock market of the country goes down. Trade decreases and done with considerable high prices. Financial institution is in deficit. Taxes and interest rate are increases. Current account of the country goes in deficit. External borrowings are increases. Federal relief of the country decreases. Remittances are goes down. Fiscal position of the country becomes weak. Country cut down the social security and ot her health care benefit of general public. Cash flow in country slow down. Prices go high and selling decreases. Government spending in country goes down. Country exports are decreases. Unemployment increases, criminal offense rate are high, capital loss and bankruptcies are the result of the financial instability. In such condition there are rear recovery solutions.journal11) Financial instability in country rise due to following reasonsUn-proper economic policies monetary, fiscal and exchange rate.Poor risk management of financial intuitions.Weakness of the government intuitions.Wrong measurement of the international financial market.J12 In this situation their are many risk for international business to invest in such country. Where exchange rate is not fixing and fluctuated regularly. It is a real risk for investor. Under and over valuation of the money caused loss to investor. For example currency rate of Pakistan is regularly fluctuated although country foreign policies is ve ry relax to attract the foreign investor but due to financial instability international business are reluctant to invest in Pakistan economy.J13)Sovereign is another risk for international investor. When host country is not able to meet add obligation. Country is run out of foreign exchange due to financial instability.6.6 Location and neighbourhood(Jour14)Location and neighbourhood play an important role on the stability of the country. Stability in country and good relationship with their neighbourhood are favourable condition for international business. Countries with same culture, value, ethic and believes, establish a economic bloc where neighbour country share free trade, no restriction of immigration, and they enjoy the same currency. And remove all barriers from trade and they enjoy smooth business with each other. For example the European countries they have free trade agreement. And have one common currency. This brings stability in countries and economic progress as well . If business invest in one of country. Business can cover the market of it neighbouring countries as well. For example Nissan and Toyota establish plant in UK and it covers the whole Europe market.Journal15) On other hand countries in area where situation is not stable. It has effect on other countries. For example Chechnya was in state of war due to Chechen war whole reign was in changeful condition. It war effect economic and political instability in neighbour countries as well.Similarly Pakistan border are near to Afghanistan and India. Pakistan political and domestic relationship with India is not good and both have many dispute. This creates instability in area. On other part of Pakistan have Afghanistan border. Afghanistan is suffering with terrorist activity in the area. such(prenominal) terrorist activity are now inter inside of Pakistan area. As the distance increases from the investor country it increases in risk of control and communication problem. It cause delay in bu siness operation. Some causes business not gives quick response to economic and political changes in the area. Due distanced of management control from the host country.7. Table 1Instability impact by investment typesDirect investment short term financial short term loan long term loanInstabilityprivate sectorprivate sectorto governmentto governmentEconomic High secondary first base ModeratePolitical High Low Moderate HighCulture High Low Low LowLegal Moderate High High HighFinancial High High High HighLocation High Moderate Low ModerateTable show the impact of instability on type of investment.Journal 98. List of unstable countries of the worldVenezuelaPakistanColombiaIndonesiaEcuadorNigeriaIvory coastNorth KoreaJournal 169. Conclusion and recommendationThe process of location of foreign operation in a new country must be carried out carefully. Firm which aim to invest in foreign country need to make analysis of capital development, economic, political, culture, and legal stabili ty not to make analysis on the risk involved in country. Almost of countries have risk in past. the investment of international firm bring changes in the situation. And country becomes economically stable. The country with risk has no competitor in the area. And with inter of international business it make positive impact. Create more employment, which increases consumption power of people. International business have high rate of profit. As the international business making contribution toward the economy of the country the government of host country give international business some relaxation in law and ensure him all kind of security as business need to do their operation.In order to minimise risk in foreign operation international business need to inter into new county as trader (exporter-importer) or most commonly inter as joint venture with same size local company.